Respiratory Conditions
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
COPD is a common, progressive and life-threatening lung disease that is usually caused by cigarette smoke, air pollution, and gases1. COPD encompasses conditions such as chronic bronchitis (airway inflammation with thick mucus) and emphysema (damage in the lung’s air sacs), which contribute to symptoms like chronic cough, sputum production, wheezing, and breathlessness1. In the U.S., there are >15 million diagnosed cases, with prevalence rising in older adults, and an estimated 12 million undiagnosed cases2,3. It was the fifth leading cause of death in 2023, claiming over 140,000 lives4. Globally, there are ~500 million COPD cases, causing ~3.5 million death in 20215.
The chronic disease nature of COPD significantly diminishes patients’ quality of life, restricting daily activities, requiring continuous treatment, and leading to physical, emotional, and social burdens that worsen as the disease progresses. Moreover, people with COPD may experience flare-ups (exacerbations) where symptoms suddenly become much worse, which leads to hospitalization, accelerated lung function loss, increased risk of death6,7. Within COPD, up to 40% of patients belong to a subgroup with elevated type 2 inflammation8. Patients in this subgroup (T2-high COPD) represent a more serious condition, facing up to 76% higher exacerbation risk, and 62% higher odds for lung function decline9,10.
Sources
- GOLD COPD Report (2025) — https://goldcopd.org/2025-gold-report/
- CDC: About COPD (n.d.) — https://www.cdc.gov/copd/about/index.html
- PubMed: Systemic inflammation in COPD (2014) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25126252/
- CDC Data Brief: COPD (2024) — https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db529.htm
- JAMA Network Open: COPD study (2023) — https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2812622
- Nature: COPD research article (2024) — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41533-024-00378-7
- PubMed: Emerging COPD evidence (2024) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38259591/
- PubMed: COPD outcomes study (2023) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37348121/
- PubMed: COPD management study (2017) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29153881/
- Respiratory Research: COPD mechanisms (2021) — https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-021-01847-0
Asthma
Asthma is a widespread, serious and long-term respiratory disease characterized by airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and excessive mucus production, often triggered by allergens, respiratory infections, pollution, and irritants1. It leads to symptoms such as recurrent wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, and breathlessness1. In the U.S., approximately 24.9 million people, including 4.7 million children, are living with asthma in 2021 (about 7.7 percent of the population2). Globally, asthma affected an estimated 262 million people in 2019 and caused 455,000 deaths3.
As a chronic disease, asthma substantially reduces patients’ quality of life by limiting physical activity, disrupting sleep, and necessitating ongoing medication and self-management4. Exacerbations—acute flare-ups of symptoms—can lead to emergency visits, hospitalization, and even death4; for example, approximately 94,560 inpatient hospitalization and nearly 986,453 emergency department visits occurred in the U.S. in 2020. Asthma disease severity is largely driven by type 2 (T2) inflammation and cytokines like IL‑4, IL‑5, and IL‑13—patients with elevated T2 inflammation are associated with significantly increased asthma attacks, wheeze, ED visits, exacerbation rates, uncontrolled asthma, and lung function decline.
Sources
- Cleveland Clinic: Asthma (n.d.) — https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6424-asthma
- CDC: Preventing Chronic Disease – Asthma (2024) — https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2024/24_0005.htm
- WHO: Asthma Fact Sheet (n.d.) — https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma
- GINA: Global Initiative for Asthma – Summary Guide (2024) — https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/GINA-Summary-Guide-2024-WEB-WMS.pdf
- ScienceDirect: Asthma and Allergy Review (2013) — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091674913009196
- Clinical and Translational Allergy: Asthma study (2019) — https://ctajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13601-019-0282-7
- ScienceDirect: Asthma treatment outcomes (2016) — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091674916003791
CRSwNP (Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps)
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a long-term condition where your sinuses stay inflamed for more than 12 weeks and soft, non-cancerous growths called nasal polyps develop inside your nose and sinuses1. These grape-like growths are caused by ongoing inflammation and can block your nasal passages, making it hard to breathe through your nose and causing a stuffy, congested feeling2. The main symptoms include persistent nasal congestion, runny nose, reduced or lost sense of smell and taste, facial pressure or pain, and thick mucus draining down your throat2. CRSwNP affects about 1-4% of the population1 and is more common in people aged 40-602, especially those who also have asthma1. The condition often occurs alongside other allergic diseases3, and people with Type 2 disorders are particularly prone to developing it1.
Sources
- Allergy & Asthma Network. “What is Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP)?” May 16, 2025. https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/health-a-z/chronic-rhinosinusitis-with-nasal-polyps-crswnp/
- American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI). “Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps.” July 27, 2021. https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/chronic-rhinosinusitis-with-nasal-polyps/
- EUFOREA (European Forum for Research and Education in Allergy and Airway Diseases). “Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP).” April 8, 2025. https://www.euforea.eu/crswnp/