Dermatological Conditions
Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis, also called eczema, is a very common long-lasting skin condition that affects about 1 in 10 people at some point in their lives1. It causes red, dry, and scaly patches of skin that are extremely itchy2, most often appearing in areas where the skin bends like the elbows, knees, and neck2. This condition usually starts in babies and young children – about 60% of people get it before their first birthday and 90% develop it by age 53. The condition runs in families and is caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors that make the skin’s protective barrier weaker than normal2.
The main symptom of atopic dermatitis is intense itching, which leads to scratching that can make the skin red, thick, and sometimes bleed or ooze1. The dry, discolored patches can flare up and calm down repeatedly throughout a person’s life1.
Sources
- Cleveland Clinic: Atopic Dermatitis – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment (2022) — https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis
- National Eczema Association: Atopic Dermatitis – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis (2025) — https://nationaleczema.org/types-of-eczema/atopic-dermatitis/
- American Family Physician: Atopic Dermatitis – Diagnosis and Treatment (2020) — https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p590.html
CSU (Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria)
Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), also called chronic hives, is a frustrating skin condition where itchy, raised bumps or welts appear on your skin regularly for more than 6 weeks without any known cause or trigger1. These hives can vary in size from tiny spots to large patches2 and usually last less than 24 hours before disappearing, only to pop up somewhere else on your body1. About 1 in 100 people develop CSU at some point1, with women being twice as likely as men to get it2. The condition typically starts between ages 20-401, though it can happen at any age2. What makes CSU particularly challenging is that doctors can’t identify a specific trigger in about 95% of cases2 – the hives just appear spontaneously, which is why it’s called “spontaneous” urticaria1.
The main symptoms of CSU include itchy, red or skin-colored welts that come and go unpredictably2, and sometimes swelling in deeper parts of the skin (especially around the eyes, lips, or throat) called angioedema3. This unpredictable nature can be extremely distressing and significantly impact daily life, sleep, work, and mental health2.
Sources
- DermNet New Zealand: Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (2024) — https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chronic-spontaneous-urticaria
- WebMD: Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria – What to Know (n.d.) — https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/features/urticaria-chronic-spontaneous
- Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (Allergy & Asthma Network): Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU) (n.d.) — https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/skin-allergy/urticaria-hives-chronic
Prurigo Nodularis
Prurigo nodularis is a chronic skin condition that causes extremely itchy, hard bumps (called nodules) to form on your skin1. These firm, raised bumps can range from small pea-sized lumps to larger bumps over an inch across, and they typically appear on areas you can easily reach and scratch, like your arms, legs, back, and torso1. The condition is more common in older adults1 and affects women more often than men2. What makes prurigo nodularis particularly challenging is that it creates a vicious “itch-scratch cycle” 3 – the intense itching causes you to scratch, which makes the bumps worse and even more itchy, leading to more scratching1. The exact cause isn’t fully understood, but it’s often linked to other itchy skin conditions like eczema2, immune system problems, nerve issues1, or underlying health conditions like kidney or liver disease2.
The main symptom is severe, persistent itching that can be so intense it disrupts sleep and daily activities3. The bumps themselves may be red, brown, or the same color as your skin2, and they often have a thick, crusty top from scratching2. Once formed, these nodules can last for months or even years1, and when they heal, they may leave behind scars or dark spots2.
Sources
- DermNet New Zealand: Nodular Prurigo (2024) — https://dermnetnz.org/topics/nodular-prurigo
- Cleveland Clinic: Prurigo Nodularis – What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment (2023) — https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25247-prurigo-nodularis
- American Academy of Dermatology: Prurigo Nodularis – FAQs (n.d.) — https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/prurigo-nodularis-overview